Perspectives in History

Iron Guard Part 2: Emissary of the Archangel

Corneliu Zelea Codreanu and his associates face great trials in their efforts to solve the “Jewish Question” in Romania. When the political party they helped to found becomes irrevocably split, they take it upon themselves to form a new organization.
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Bibliography
Clark, Roland. Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania. Cornell University Press, 2015
Codreanu, Cornelieu Zelea. For My Legionaries. Black House Publishing Ltd, 2015
Hitchins, Keith. A Concise History of Romania. Cambridge University Press, 2014
Ioanid, Radu. The Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania. Columbia University Press, 1990
Iordachi, Constantin. The Fascist Faith of the Legion “Archangel Michael” in Romania, 1927-1941: Martyrdom and National Purification. Routledge, 2023
Kaplan, Robert D. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. Picador, 2005.
Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas. The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania. Hoover Institution Press, 1970. 
Tiu, Ilarion. The Legionary Movement after Corneliu Codreanu. Columbia University Press, 2009
Sturdza, Michel. The Suicide of Europe: Memoirs of Prince Michel Sturdza, Former Foreign Minister of Rumania. Islands Publishers, 1968.
Sima, Horia. The History of the Legionary Movement. The Legionary Press, 1995
Cover Image: Romanian prime minister Ion Antonescu and deputy prime minister Horia Sima at a demonstration memorializing Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the late founder of the Iron Guard. (Bucharest, Romania. October, 1940.)
Closing Theme: “Sfanta Tinerete Legionara,” (Hymn of the Legionary Youth) 

Iron Guard Part 1: The Plot Against Romania

In the turbulent years following the conclusion of the First World War, a young Romanian law student named Corneliu Zelea Codreanu becomes utterly convinced that his nation is under threat by a Jewish-Communist conspiracy. Inspired by the success of the Italian fascists, Codreanu begins working to create a similar right-wing movement in his own country.
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Bibliography
Clark, Roland. Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania. Cornell University Press, 2015
Codreanu, Cornelieu Zelea. For My Legionaries. Black House Publishing Ltd, 2015
Hitchins, Keith. A Concise History of Romania. Cambridge University Press, 2014
Ioanid, Radu. The Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania. Columbia University Press, 1990
Iordachi, Constantin. The Fascist Faith of the Legion “Archangel Michael” in Romania, 1927-1941: Martyrdom and National Purification. Routledge, 2023
Kaplan, Robert D. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. Picador, 2005.
Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas. The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania. Hoover Institution Press, 1970. 
Tiu, Ilarion. The Legionary Movement after Corneliu Codreanu. Columbia University Press, 2009
Sturdza, Michel. The Suicide of Europe: Memoirs of Prince Michel Sturdza, Former Foreign Minister of Rumania. Islands Publishers, 1968.
Sima, Horia. The History of the Legionary Movement. The Legionary Press, 1995
Cover Image: Romanian prime minister Ion Antonescu and deputy prime minister Horia Sima at a demonstration memorializing Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the late founder of the Iron Guard. (Bucharest, Romania. October, 1940.)
Closing Theme: “Sfanta Tinerete Legionara,” (Hymn of the Legionary Youth) 

Marquis de Lafayette Part 17: The Nation's Guest

With his political fortunes waning in France, Lafayette decides to embark on a long-deferred trip to the United States. As one of the last surviving figures of the founding generation, Lafayette’s 18 month grand tour inspires some of the most rapturous celebrations in the young nation’s history.
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Bibliography
Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.
Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956. 
Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021. 
Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011. 
Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837. 
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.
Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.
Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.
Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette Part 16: Counter-Revolution and Conspiracy

Once again restored to power in France, the House of Bourbon and their supporters work to reverse the enduring changes brought about by the revolution. Lafayette rallies his fellow liberals to oppose this reactionary agenda, but when legal methods of opposition prove ineffective, he is driven to increasingly seditious actions.
Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com
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Bibliography
Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.
Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956. 
Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021. 
Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011. 
Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837. 
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.
Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.
Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.
Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette Part 15: The Fallen Eagle

In 1814, as Napoleon’s fortunes turn for the worse, Lafayette considers returning to politics. Unwilling to sit idle while the survival of the nation was at stake, he was determined to rekindle the flame of liberty- or at least to do what he could to avert a total catastrophe.
Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com
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Bibliography
Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.
Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956. 
Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021. 
Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011. 
Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837. 
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.
Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.
Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.
Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette Part 14: Hero of a Bygone Age

Regaining his freedom after five years in prison, Lafayette emerges into a world irrevocably changed by the revolution he helped put into motion. Now considered a political liability by the governments of both France and the United States, and with war continuing to rage across Europe, his future appeared more uncertain than ever.
Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com
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Bibliography
Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.
Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956. 
Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021. 
Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011. 
Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837. 
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.
Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.
Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.
Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette Part 13: Prisoner of State

Arrested by the Austrians after escaping political persecution in France, Lafayette is locked away in a dungeon for refusing to betray his ideals. While his family and friends, scattered across the world, do what they can to aid him, it becomes increasingly clear as time went on that his salvation would come from the same nation that had once scorned him.
Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com
Podcast Website
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Bibliography
Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.
Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956. 
Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021. 
Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011. 
Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837. 
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.
Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.
Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.
Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette Part 12: The World Turned Upside Down

Lafayette’s persistent efforts to save the French monarchy end in failure when Louis XVI is overthrown once and for all in August 1792. With his avowed enemies, the Jacobins, now in power and accusing him of betraying the revolution, the general is faced with the most difficult decision of his life.
Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com
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Bibliography
Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.
Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956. 
Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021. 
Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011. 
Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837. 
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.
Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.
Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.
Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette Part 11: Fall from Grace

The king’s ill-fated attempt to flee the country causes anti-monarchist protests to break out in Paris, which Lafayette responds to with a heavy hand. After the subsequent massacre at the Champ de Mars leaves his reputation in tatters, the general attempts to make his exit from the political stage.
Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com
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Bibliography
Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.
Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956. 
Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021. 
Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011. 
Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837. 
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.
Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.
Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.
Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette Part 10: Unity or Death

Lafayette stages a remarkable display of patriotism at a festival celebrating the one year anniversary of the revolution’s beginning. Having reached the ‘zenith of his influence,’ his political opponents on both the left and right grow increasingly wary of his ambition. 
Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com
Podcast Website
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Bibliography
Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.
Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956. 
Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021. 
Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011. 
Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837. 
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.
Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.
Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.
Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.